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在数据模型中,我们将数据表和表之间的关系抽象成了圆圈和连接箭头。箭头的方向代表着数据过滤的方向,也即起点的表可以过滤终点的表。
例如,下图中 Suppliers 表可以过滤 Products 表,而反过来 Products 表却不能过滤 Suppliers 表。
因为箭头的方向是由 Suppliers 指向 Products的,此时我们也称 Suppliers 到 Products的路径是通的,反之是不通的。
数据表不仅仅可以过滤箭头直接连通的表,只要是顺着箭头方向可以到达的表均可以进行过滤。
比如下图中,Categories 可以到达 Products,而Products 又可以到达 Order Details 。因此我们说 Categories 也可以到达Order Details。也就是可以用Categories 表来过滤 Order Details。
能过滤也就是能到达,表之间的路径才是通的,进一步才可以在仪表板中进行应用。
模型中表之间的关系,对应数据库中表之间的主外键关系。
表之间的主外键关系有多种,比如1对N、N对1等等。在数据模型中也是如此,并且我们将这些对应数据称为“ 基数 ”。
基数是决定箭头方向的源头,因为数据过滤时总是“ 1 ” 方去过滤“ N ”方。
我们可以发现无论是在画布示意图中,还是创建关系以及编辑关系时,都需要关注一个关系中基数的情况。
具体来讲,在数据模型中数据表之间的基数关系有以下几种:
一对一关系 (1 ∶ 1)例如,一个部门有一个经理,而每个经理只在一个部门任职,则部门与经理的联系是一对一的。
一对多关系 (1 ∶ N)例如,某校教师与课程之间存在一对多的联系“教”,即每位教师可以教多门课程,但是每门课程只能由一位教师来教。
多对一关系 (N ∶ 1),一对多关系中的数据表反转就形成多对一关系。
在 N :1 或1:N 关系中,如果N表对1表的外键可空,那么这种关系就是N对0..1 或0..1对N。在数据库中对应可空的外键关系。
表之间能顺着箭头的方向到达就代表能过滤,也就意味着在仪表板中使用时我们可以将起点表的字段放在分类中,将终点表的字段放在数值中来绘制图形。
比如在使用图中模型时,我们可以将Categories 中的字段绑定到分类中,将 Products 或 Order Details 中的表绑定到数值中,进行汇总统计。
有关数据模型在仪表板中应用的更多详细介绍,请您参见使用数据模型创建仪表板。